Leakage (of GHG emissions)

When a mitigation activity carbon crediting project or program displaces emission-creating activities outside the project or program boundary rather than halting them in actual terms. Leakage of GHG emissions can occur when mitigation activities: (a) shift location (activity-shifting leakage); (b) indirectly affect areas that are hydrologically connected (ecological leakage); (c) impact the supply or demand of an emissions-intensive product or service (market leakage); or (d) impact upstream or downstream emissions (upstream/downstream emissions leakage).